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| Hand to Hand Fighting 
The Use of Bayonet 


(Illustrated) 


By 


CAPT. HASKELL C. BILLINGS 


U. S. Infantry 
ely Captain 7th Reserve Battalion, Canadian Expe- 
ditionary Force. Bayonet Instructor, Canadian — 
School of Bayonet in England and Train- 
ing Camp, Fort Oglethorpe 


AND 
CAPT. HARRY B. JOHNSON 


U.S. Infantry 
'y Lieutenant of the Black Watch Regiment. Gradu- 
e British Bayonet School in France. Bayonet 
Instructor, Training Camp, Fort Oglethorpe 


Che Collegiate Press 
GEORGE BANTA PUBLISHING COMPANY 
MenasHa, WIsconsIn 


UNIVERSITY UF ILLIRUIS 


Copright, 1918 
by 
George Banta Publishing Co. 


a PREFACE 


‘In response to numerous requests from various Officers 
“stationed at Fort Oglethorpe Camp, during the Second Officers 

— Training Corps, the authors have compiled this booklet, the 
‘latest methods of “BAYONET AND HAND TO HAND 
— FIGHTING?” together with a number of useful “DON’TS AND 

HINTS” calculated to be of extreme importance in the train- 
ing of recruits. 
= The authors are conscious of many literary defects of 
bes ~ this booklet but the urgent need has caused it to be placed 

Sin the hands of instructors without the corrections they wish 
to make. 

So The methods of combats set forth in booklet, have been 
pgleaned from experience of Capt. H. C. Billings, a graduate 
Sof the Canadian Bayonet School in England, and from two 
years’ experience with the British Expeditionary Force on the 
_* Western Front, by Capt. H. B. Johnson who was wounded 

-# twice at Ypres and once on the Somme. 


HDy 4, Nw He av. a 


Introduction 
Chapter I. 

Chapter II. 
Chapter III. 
Chapter IV. 
Chapter V. 
Chapter VI. 


CONTENTS 


Fe RS Ea IE RP eg a RES OPIS 7 
IDAVONCE) TAUNN ri. wie ais. waretone ate oR ate 9 
LILIUM ist Wee ee othe thc ie ele » en ees 33 
HinalA ssaulk Practice 2. «« «a0 4. sarees 66 
Games and Quickening Exercises ........... 73 
Domits sans nls ss eva en ee bree e « 78 


Use, Description and Diagram of Bayonet 
A Taming A Pparatus fcc, svtem is ace eee a ereeis 6 84, 


w 


INTRODUCTION 


In this present war, the enemy has with his brutality, du- 
plicity and diabolical weapons brought trench combat to such 
a stage that the infantry as they go forward have but one alter- 
native, e. g., to specialize in “HAND TO HAND FIGHTING” 
for it is now only the one who knows the best and quickest way 
of “KILLING” who comes out alive. Brute strength is not 
a necessity, speed and celerity of movement is what counts. 
A little fellow skilled in the methods of fighting found in this 
booklet will kill or have at his mercy, a bigger, but clumsier 
man every time. But do not expect to become efficient, in the 
use of a bayonet, killing or disarming your opponent, by mere- 
ly reading these pages. “Practice only makes perfect.” It 
will not be until after considerable stiff work and hard knocks 
that you will begin to appreciate how really effective these 
methods are. It should also be impressed upon the mind of 
the reader that troops in actual fighting do not have the stamina 
and life of those that are in training camps. The vitality of 
the former, being lowered from nocturnal living, loss of sleep, 
and irregular meals, while sticky mud, heavy equipment, barb- 
wire snags, etc., impede their advance. 

Yet if rehearsed in all the latest methods, of “HAND TO 
HAND FIGHTING,” trained and keyed up as a prize fighter 
just before entering a ring, you will continue to go forward, 
with that self-confidence and indomitable courage to “KILL” 
and EXTERMINATE the common foe that we are now facing 
in the European Trenches. 


COMPARISON IN LENGTH OF U. S. MAGAZINE RIFLE AND 
BAYONET WITH GERMAN MAUSER RIFLE AND BAYONET 


U. S. Magazine Rifle, German Mauser rifle 

Cal. 30—length 43.4” Cal. 311—49.5” 

Length of bayonet—16” Length of bayonet—20.25 

Length of rifle with bayonet—59.4” Length of rifle with Bayonet—69.75” 
British Lee Enfield Rifle French Lebel Rifle 

Cal. 303—wt. 8 lbs. 10.5 oz. Lg. 44.5” Cal. 315—wt. 9 lbs. 3 oz. Length 51” 
Length of bayonet—17.5” Length of bayonet—21” 


Length of rifle with bayonet—62” Length of rifle with bayonet—72” 


CHAPTER I 


BAYONET TRAINING 


Section l. 


Intervals and distances may be taken as follows: 

First: When class is working by eye (master and pupil with 
or without parry-thrust ring sticks) as in Par. 109 I. D, R. 
except that men should be at least six paces apart in every 
direction, and the front rank should be faced to rear, regard- 
ing rear rank man as opponent. 

Second: When class is working on butt strokes men should 
take distance as in Par. 111 I. D. R., except that men should 
be at least six paces apart in every direction. 

Third: When class is working by word of command, the fol- 
lowing formation may be adopted: 

Being in line at a halt, at the command (1) For Bayonet 
Exercise—(2) FORM. 

At the second command the rear faces about; the odd num- 
bers of the front rank and the even numbers of the rear rank 
then double out to at least six paces, halt and face about, when 
all will take a short step to the right. This will bring the odd 
and even numbers of each rank facing each other and opposite, 
thus giving each man an opponent. 

Men should always work with bayonets fixed, scabbards on, 
except when working on dummies. Later on scabbards may 
be removed. 

Before requiring the soldiers to take a position or execute a 
movement for the first time, the Instructor should show the 
position, explaining essential points and common faults and 
giving reasons therefor. Then show position a second time. 
Lengthy descriptions without demonstrations should be avoided, 
as this practice tends to lessen the soldier’s interest and atten- 
tion. 

Recruit course consists of five lessons, Final Assault Course, 
and Padded Clothing Work. 


10 Hand to Hand Fighting | 


Men should be accustomed to wear the cartridge belt in 
training, and packs, steel helmets and respirators should be 
worn during latter part of course of instruction when men have 
become sufficiently “fit.” For thrusts and parrying exercise a 
light stick 5 to 514 feet long, and 34 to 1 inch in diameter 
must be provided for every two men. 


SECTION 2. 

Lesson I—“GUARD” (always executed with fixed bayonets). 
Carry the left foot a pace forward, knee slightly bent; right 
hand bringing the rifle forward and upward till bayonet point 
comes to height of opponent’s throat; with left hand grasp rifle 


CORRECT POSITION 


Bayonet Training 11 


just above lower band, so that arm is very slightly bent; re- 
lease right hand and regrasp rifle at small of stock, two inches 
below trigger guard, hand waist high, butt plate free from 
body; right fore-arm pressed against stock, canting rifle about 
30 degrees to left, feet pointing slightly outwards, body lean- 
ing slightly forward in a well balanced, aggressive attitude. 

Experience has proved that the Correct Position of Guard 
is the most difficult of all the positions in bayonet work to teach, 
men getting into every position but the correct one. It must 
be impressed on the soldier at the outset that an incorrect guard 
is generally fatal, and that it is of the utmost importance that a 
guard be assumed quickly and correctly. Too much stress 
cannot be laid on this position, and it has been found that once 
the correct threatening position “On Guard” has been learned, 
all thrusts and butt strokes are very easily acquired. 

Experience has also proved that once the pupil has mastered 
this position, he will under any conditions in actual fighting 
from force of habit, acquire the correct on guard. 


INCORRECT POSITIONS 


Bayonet Training 13 


So, col eee Ow 


Common FAvutts 


Not assuming a threatening position. 

Leaning body back. 

Hunching or crouching position. 

Left arm either too much bent or too rigid. 

Hugging rifle close to body, thus shortening reach. 

Right hand too low or too far back and not in front of 
body. 

Top of butt not resting against right forearm but too low, 
thus raising point of bayonet. 


Right hand grasping small of stock too near trigger 
guard, often causing lacerations of fingers and knuckles. 


Left knee not bent. 
Right toe turned too much to right. 


Point of bayonet thrown high on coming to “Guard” and 
not carried forward. 


Rifle grasped too rigidly restraining freedom of action. 
Throwing rifle, not passing rifle from right to left hand. 


Right forearm not resting against stock. 


14 Hand to Hand Fighting 


In teaching the “Guard” it is well to have man carry left 
foot forward as if taking step forward, at the same time carry 
rifle forward with right hand; then returning immediately 
to the Order Arms. This will tend to overcome faults 1, 2, 
10, 11 and 13. 

In teaching the “Guard,” when man has assumed the posi- 
tion, have him remove left hand from rifle, still holding the 
piece in position. This will tend to overcome faults 5, 6, 7 
and 8. 


Section 3. 
“HIGH PORT.” In this position the hands hold the rifle as 
in “Guard”; the left wrist level with, and directly in front of 


THE “HIGH PORT” 


Bayonet Training 15 


the left shoulder; the right hand above the right groin and 

level with the belt; sling to front; right wrist acts as pivot. 
When jumping ditches, obstacles, etc., this position of the 

rifle should be approximately maintained with the left hand 

alone, leaving the right hand free. The “HIGH PORT” is used 

whenever soldier is doubling or running (not when “Charging”). 

Section 4. 

“Rest”’—Without changing position of legs or feet, place 

butt of rifle on ground between feet, barrel vertical, grasping 

with right hand near lower band. 

Section 5. 

“LONG THRUST” (or “POINT”). Being in the position of 

“Guard,” grasping rifle firmly, vigorously shoot the rifle for- 


“LONG THRUST” OR “POINT” 


Bayonet Training Le 


ward to the full extent of the left arm, butt running alongside 
and kept close to the right forearm; body inclining forward and 
driving the arms forward; left knee well bent; right leg graced 
and weight of body pressed forward by the fore part of right 
foot, right heel raised. 

The chief power in a “THRUST” (or “POINT”) is derived 
from the right arm with the weight of the body behind it, the 
left arm being used more to direct point of bayonet. Eye 
must be fixed on object thrust at. In making thrusts other 
than straight to the front (“OBLIQUE POINTS”) the for- 
ward foot should move in the same direction as that in which 
thrust is to be made, using rear foot as pivot. Direction should 
be secured before thrust is started. During the latter stages 
of this lesson the men should be practiced in stepping forward 
(“ADVANCING THRUST” or “POINT”) when delivering 
the thrust. 

Common Favtts 


Rifle drawn back before delivery. 

Butt of rifle held as high or against the right shoulder. 

Eyes not directed on object. 

Left knee not sufficiently bent. 

Body not thrust sufficiently forward. 

Using arms only in making thrust (slapping). 

Right heel not raised. 

Blade canted to right or left; not vertical. 

Driving bayonet in too far, resulting in a difficult with- 

drawal and a wasteage of steel. 

The “LONG THRUST” or “POINT” is made against an 
opponent at a range of about four to five feet from the at- 
tacker’s eye. 


NS eR Se 


SEcTION 6. 

The “WITHDRAWAL.” To withdraw the bayonet after a 
“LONG THRUST” has been delivered, draw rifle straight back 
(without changing angle in which blade penetrated object) to 
the full extent of the right arm, left forearm touching the body 
and immediately resume the “GUARD.” If the leverage or 
proximity of the object transfixed renders it necessary, the left 


18 Hand to Hand Fighting 


hand must first be slipped up close to stacking swivel or the 
right hand to just below left hand near lower band, and when a 
pupil has reached that stage of delivering a thrust while ad- 
vancing on a dummy one of the above methods will be adopted, 
and reason therefor explained to pupil. 

After every thrust a rapid “WITHDRAWAL” essential to 
quick work with the bayonet should be practiced before return- 
ing to the “Guard.” 


*THE “WITHDRAWAL” FROM “LONG THRUST” 


Common Favtts 


1. Changing angle and dropping butt, thus raising point of 
bayonet, causing bayonet to grip in object. 


Bayonet Training 19 


2. Not withdrawing rifle clear of object, or to full extent 
of right arm. 


PROGRESSION 


First practice——Men should always be made to thrust at a tar- 
get, e. g., at a named part of the body of the opposite man— 
“At the right eye”’—thrust, withdraw or guard. Oblique thrusts 
should be practiced by thrusting at the man to the right or left 
fronts, e. g.,. at man on right, throat, thrust withdraw, on guard. 

As progress is attained, the pause between the thrust and the 
withdraw should be shortened until the men reach the stage 
when they withdraw and come to guard directly after making 


PUPIL MASTER 
(1) Class working in pairs. 


“Master and Pupil’’ 


20 Hand to Hand Fighting 


the thrust, judging their own time. They should be taught to 
thrust at two or more parts of the body. 

Positions should be taught in detail, e. g., “full withdraw and 
remain.” 

If possible, the point of the bayonet should be directed 

against an opponent’s throat, especially in hand-to-hand fight- 
ing. Other vulnerable and usually exposed parts are on the 
face, chest, lower abdomen, and thighs, and the region of the 
kidneys when the back is turned. 
Second practice.—The class working in pairs, with the instruc- 
tor supervising, should be practiced in thrusting in various 
directions: (1) At the opposite man’s hand, which he places in 
various positions on and off his body; (2) at thrusting ring 
sticks. 

This practice should be done without word of command, 

so that the eye and brain may be trained—‘“Pupil” coming 
to guard at clap of “Master’s” Hands. 
Third practice.—The men will be taught to transfix a disk or 
number painted on a dummy, first at a distance of about 5 feet 
from the dummy (i. e., the extreme range of the bayonet), then 
after advancing 3 or more paces. The advance must be made 
in the most practical and natural way, and should be practiced 
with either foot to the front when the thrust is delivered. The 
rifle must never be drawn back when making a long thrust 
in a forward movement. The impetus of the body and the for- 
ward stretching of the arms supply sufficient force. 

The bayonet must be withdrawn immediately after the 
thrust has been delivered and a forward threatening attitude 
be assumed to the side or beyond the dummy. 

Unless the rifle is firmly gripped it is liable to injure the ° 
hand.—(See use of Hand guards in Chapter VI.) 

To guard against accidents the men must be at least 5 feet 
apart when the practice is carried out collectively. 

The principles of this practice will be observed when thrust- 
ing at dummies in trenches, standing upright on the ground or 
suspended on gallows. They should be applied at first slowly 
and deliberately, for no attempt must be made to carry out the 
final assault practice before the men have been carefully 


PUPIL MASTER 
(2) Class working in pairs on Thrusting Rings 


22 Hand to Hand Fighting 


instructed in and have thoroughly mastered the preliminary 
lessons. 


SEcTION 7. 
PARRIES 
Lesson II. 


Tue Ricut anp Lerr Parry (With Point) 


From position of guard vigorously straighten the left arm, 
without bending the wrist or twisting the rifle in the hand, 
force the rifle forward far enough to the right (left) to ward 
off the adversary’s weapon. 

right and left low parry’s (with point) 

right and left high parry’s (with point) 
are executed similarly. 

After each point parry quickly return to guard prepared 
to deliver a thrust, 

The eyes must always be kept on the weapon which is be- 
ing parried. 

BUTT PARRIES (used when opponent gets inside your 
guard) 

Butt parries are executed similar to point parries except 
right arm is used to execute parries. 

Butt strokes or jab, follow butt parries. 


Common Favtts 
1. Wide sweeping parry with no forward movement in it. 
2. Eyes taken off the weapon to be parried. 

Men must be taught to regard the parry as part of an offen- 
sive movement, namely, of the thrust, which would immediately 
follow it in actual combat. For this reason as soon as the 
movements of the parries have been learned they should always 
be accompanied with a slight movement of the body. 

Parries will be practiced with the right as well as with the 
left foot forward preparatory to the practice of parrying when 
advancing. 

Kirst practice—Men learning the parries should be made to 
observe the movements of the rifle carefully, and should not be 


Bayonet Training 23 


kept longer at this practice than is necessary for them to un- 
derstand that what is required is vigorous yet controlled action. 


PUPIL MASTER 
Class working in pairs 


Second practice.—The class works in pairs, with scabbards on 
bayonets, one man thrusting with a stick and the other parry- 
ing; the guard is resumed after each parry. At first this 
practice must be slow and deliberate, without being allowed to 
become mechanical, and will be progressively increased in 
rapidity and vigor. Later a thrust at that part of the body 
indicated by the opposite man’s hand should immediately fol- 
low the parry, and, finally, sticks long enough to represent the 
opponent’s weapon in the position of guard should be attached 
to the dummies and parried before delivering the thrust. 

The men must also be taught to parry thrusts made at them— 
(1) By an opponent in a trench when they are themselves 
on the parapet; (2) by an opponent on the parapet when they 


SHORT THRUST—DELIVERED 


Bayonet Training 25 


are in the trench; and (3) when both are on the same level fight- 
ing at close quarters in a deep trench. 


Section 8, 
Lesson III. 
To Execute THE SHortT THRUST. 


Shift the left hand quickly toward the muzzle and draw 
the rifle back to the full extent of the right arm, the butt 
either upwards or downwards, as a low or a high thrust is to 
be made; then deliver the thrust vigorously to the full extent 
of the left arm. 

The short thrust is used at a range of about 3 feet, and in 
close fighting it is the natural thrust to make when the bayonet 
has just been withdrawn after a long thrust. If a strong with- 
drawal is necessary, the right hand should be slipped above 
the rear sight after the short thrust has been made. Always 
used when short thrust is made when advancing. 
Practice.—The principles of the three practices of Lesson I 
should be observed so far as they apply. By placing two disks 
on a dummy the short should be taught in conjunction with 
the long thrust, the first disk being transfixed with the latter, 
the second disk with the former. On delivery of the long 
thrust, if the left foot is forward, the short thrust would take 
place with the right foot forward, and vice versa. 

Parries will be practiced from the position of the short 
thrust. 

Common Favtts 


1. Rifle not carried back to full extent of right arm. 
2. Left hand not slipped up to Bayonet hilt. 

3. Rifle not horizontal—Butt dropped, 

4, Bayonet blade canted. 

SECTION 9. 

Lesson IV. 


Tue Jas or Upwarp THRUST. 


From the position of short thrust shift the right hand up 
the rifle and grasp it above the rear sight, at the same time 


PUPIL MASTER 
SHORT THRUST 


Class working in pairs 


“JAB”—READY POSITION “JAB’—DELIVERED 


28 Hand to Hand Fighting 


bringing the rifle to an almost vertical position close to the 
body, and, from this position, bend the knees and jab the 
point of the bayonet upward into the throat or under the 
chin of the opponent. 


Common Favtts 


1. Rifle drawn backward and not held vertically enough. 
2. Rifle grasped too low with the right hand. 

From the jab position men will be practiced in fending off 
an attack made on any part of them by an opponent. 

When making a jab from the guard, the right, being the 
thrusting hand, will be brought up first. 


RR 


BUTT STROKE I—DELIVERED 


Bayonet Training 29 


The jab can be employed successfully in close-quarter 
fighting in narrow trenches and when embraced by an opponent. 


Secrion 10. 
Lesson V. 
Metuops or INJURING AN OPPONENT, 


It should be impressed upon the class that, although a 
man’s thrust has missed or has been parried or his bayonet 
has been broken, he can, as attacker, still maintain his advan- 
tage by injuring his opponent in one of the following ways: 


Butt Stroke I—Swing the butt up at the opponent’s crotch, 
ribs, forearms, etc., using a half-arm blow or advancing the 
rear foot. Butt Stroke I is essentially a half-arm blow from 
the shoulder, keeping the elbow rigid, and it can therefore be 
successfully employed only when the right hand is grasping 
the rifle at the small of the butt. 


Butt Stroke II.—If the opponent jumps back so that the first 
butt stroke misses, the rifle will come into the horizontal posi- 
tion over the left shoulder, butt leading; the attacker will then 
step in with the rear foot and dash the butt into his opponent’s 
face. 


Butt Stroke III.—If the opponent still further retires out of 
distance, the attacker again closes up and slashes his bayonet 
down on his opponent’s head or neck, 


Butt Stroke IV.—If the thrust has been parried, the butt can 
be used effectively by crashing it down on or to side of oppon- 
ent’s head with an over-arm blow, or to ribs, advancing the 
rear foot. When the opponent is out of distance, Butt Stroke 
III can again be used. 

In individual fighting the butt can also be used horizontally 
against the opponent’s ribs, forearm, etc. This method is im- 
possible in trench fighting or in an attack, owing to the horizon- 
tal sweep of the bayonet to the attacker’s left. 

It should be clearly understood that the butt must not be 
employed when it is possible to use the bayonet effectively. 

Butt strokes can only be used in certain circumstances 
and positions, but if men acquire absolute control of their 


BUTT STOKE II—READY POSITION 


BUTT STROKE II—DELIVERED 


Bayonet Training 31 


BUTT STROKE III—DELIVERED 


weapons under these conditions they will be able to adapt them- 
selves to all other phases of in-fighting. For instance, when 
a man is gripped by an opponent so that neither the thrust nor 
the butt can be used, the knee brought up against the crotch 
or the heel stamped on the instep may momentarily disable 
him and make him release his hold. 


When wrestling, the opponent can be tripped by forcing 
his weight on to one leg and kicking that leg away from under 
him, or any other wrestler’s trip, e. g., “back heel.” 


The above methods will only temporarily disable an enemy, 
who must be killed with the bayonet, etc. 


Practice——When the classes have been shown the methods of 
using the butt and the knee, they should be practiced on the 


32 Hand to Hand Fighting 


padded stick, e. g., fix several disks on a dummy, make a thrust 
at one, use the knee on another low down, jab a third, and so on. 

Light butt still sufficiently strong dummies should be used 
for practice with butt, in order to avoid damage to it. 


HIGH TO HEAD LOW TO RIBS 


CuHapter II 


IN-FIGHTING 


MetTHops or DisaBLInG, DisAaRMING AND KILLING OPPONENT 


“In-fighting” practices can be done with parrying poles 
padded at the ends representing rifle and bayonet, or 
with equipment, viz., spring muskets, gloves, masks and 
body pads. 

Any low point may be effectively parried with the butt, 
and after parrying the butt can be used to disable the 
opponent, 

The first object after parrying point with hand or arm is to 
disable opponent. Secondly, to disarm and kill. 

Troops armed with bayonet only can be effectively taught to 
repel attack against rifle and bayonet. 

Any simple method of Ju-jitsu, wrestling and boxing should 
be taught and encouraged. 

Eating knife or fork, when carried in leggin, may be used 
as dagger. 

To break choking hold around neck, seize opponent’s little 
fingers, forcing him to release hold. 


34 Hand to Hand Fighting 


Metnops oF DisarMING AND KiLtING Opponent WHEN Not 
ARMED Excerpt For DAGGER OR BAYONET AND OPPONENT 
Has Rirte with Frixep Bayonet 


it 
1. Parry point outward with left hand. 


In-fighting I (Cont.) 35 


2. Step in seizing opponent’s left wrist firmly with right hand, 
and grip rifle with left hand, back of hand down. 


36 Hand to Hand Fighting 


4. Swing rifle upward and to the right, stepping in, retaining 
grasp on opponent’s left wrist.——Bring left knee vio- 
lently to crotch. 


In-fighting L(Coné, } 37 


5. Force opponent to ground, disarm, kill with butt or point. 


MetHop oF CouNTERING 


Number one butt stroke to knee or crotch. 


Hand to Hand Fighting 


38 


II 


ith r 


ight hand 


Parry point outward w 


a, 


In-fighting II (Cont.) 39 


2. Kicking shin or crotch with rear foot, grasping rifle with 
right hand, back of hand down. 


Hand to Hand Fighting 


40 


ifle upward and to the left 


Swing r 


3. 


RIAN 


soonest 


In-fighting 


4. Force point to ground, stepping in. 


42 


5. Vigorously charging or tripping. 


Hand to Hand Fighting 


In-fighting II (Cont.) 43. 


6. Disarm and kill, 


MetTHop or CouUNTERING 


Number one butt stroke. 


44 Hand to Hand Fighting 


III 


1. Parry with right hand. 


In-fighting III (Cont.) 45 


2. Advance striking opponent’s left hand from rifle with left 
hand, at the same time grasping rifle with right hand 
below bayonet hilt, back of hand down. 


46 


3. Bring left 


elbow violently to jaw. 


Hand to Hand Fighting 


In-fighting IIT (Cont.) 47 


4. Butt to head or kill with point. 


Mernop or CountTERING 
Number four butt stroke to ribs. 


48 Hand to Hand Fighting 


IV 


WHEN OPPONENT COMES ON GUARD HIGH OR FROM “HicH Porv” 


1. Duck under and step in, gripping rifle with left hand, back 
of hand down, 


In-fighting IV (Cont.) 49 


2. Advance, striking opponent’s left elbow joint with right 
elbow, at the same time knee or foot to crotch, forcing 
opponent backwards. 


50 Hand to Hand Fighting 
3. Forcing opponent to release rifle. 


4, Killing with butt or point. 


In-fighting 51 


MetnHop or CouNTERING 


Bring rifle to vertical position in front of body, smashing 
butt on instep, toes, or knee. 


i rar IAP 


WVERSITY OF ILLINGIS 
URBANA 


52 _ Hand to Hand Fighting 


Vv 
1. Parry point outward with left hand. 


2. Stepping in, gripp- 
ing rifle with both 
hands; left hand, 
back of hand up, 
below bayonet hilt; 
right hand, back of 
hand down, at bal- 
ance. Using right 
elbow against op- 
ponent’s left elbow 
joint. 


In-fighting | V (Cont.) 53 


3. Swing rifle butt up and 
point down to the left, 
wrenching from oppo- 
nent, at same time using 
right foot to trip. 


4, Disarm opponent and kill 
with point. 


54 


Hand to Hand Fighting 


MetHop or CouNTERING 
Bend body forward over rifle. 


If opponent counters in above manner, use trench dagger or 
fist to his jaw. 


In-fighting VI (Cont.) 55 


Vel 
1. Parry point outward with right hand. 


56 Hand to Hand Fighting 


8. Quickly turning about, grasp rifle with right hand, sitting 
on piece. 


4, Kill with dagger. 


CouNTER 
Let go rifle, grasp opponent around neck, and use dagger. 


In-fighting 


VI (Cont.) 57 


Various Mernops or DIsaABLiIna 
AND Kin1tiInGc OpronENT 


I Use of heel; 
(a) Points parried and forced 
to ground, step in, mashing 


opponent’s instep with heel, 
and bring butt to head. 


58 Hand to Hand Fighting 


2. Use of Jab when points are forced to ground, 


DROP BUTT AND DELIVER JAB 


In-fighting VI (Cont.) 59 


8. Use of dagger when points are forced to ground. 


USE DAGGER TO HEART OR STOMACH 


60 Hand to Hand Fighting 


4, Correct and incorrect method of holding dagger. 


CORRECT 
Thumb and Forefinger to Guard of Dagger 


INCORRECT METHOD 
Little Finger to Guard of Dagger 


In-fighting VI (Cont.) 61 


5. Disarming op- 
ponent with 
pistol when op- 
ponent comes 
from raise pis- 
tol. 

(a) Step in seiz- 

pistol barrel 


matinee let t 
hand, palm 
up. 


(b) Grasping right wrist with | _ 
right hand and bend back- |,J 
ward over right shoulder, at |*>~ 
same time knee to crotch. : 


62 Hand to Hand Fighting 


May be necessary to break hold by opening up opponent’s 
little finger. 


6. Method of withdrawal when opponent’s grip rifle, 


Attack Successful. Victim Gripping Rifle 


Victim forced to ground Slip left hand to bayonet hilt, 
left foot on and withdraw bayonet 


In-fighting VI (Cont.) 63 


8. Method of countering Butt Stroke: 
(a) Step in, quickly blocking butt stroke with left arm below 
butt. 


(b) Forcing it 
below butt, up- 
ward and 
around oppon- 
ent’s neck with 
crotch hold 
right arm fol- 
lowing immedi- 
ately over left 
shoulder. 


64 Hand to Hand Fighting 


(c) Throwing opponent over 
left shoulder, 


To prevent a block it must be 
performed very quickly. 


9. To trip opponent, 
kick out standing leg. 


In-fighting VI (Contd.) 65 


10. In trench work use combination short point and jab in 
working around traverses and bays. 


RIGHT-HANDED METHOD 


Use When Going Around 
Traverse to Left 


LEFT-HANDED METHOD 


Use When Going Around 
Traverse to Right 


CHAPTER III 


FINAL ASSAULT PRACTICE 


The Final Assault practice must approximate as nearly as 
possible to the conditions of actual fighting. Nervous tension 
due to the anticipation of an attack reacting on the body, as 
well as the advance across the open and the final dash at the 
enemy, combine to tire an assaulting party. It is only by their 
physical fitness and superior skill in the use of the bayonet 
that they can overcome a comparatively fresh foe. 


The men should be taught team work when going over 
Assault Course; that they must preserve their interval and 
dressing, run on their own dummies and not that of their 
comrades. For this reason all dummies should be numbered 
similar to Targets at rifle range, so that it will be practically 
impossible for a man to run on a dummy other than his own. 
Too much care cannot be exercised in this, as numerous casual- 
ties have occurred from disregard of above. An officer should 
always be present when men are going over assault course with 
fixed bayonets and scabbards off. 


The men should be put over course in easy stages, gradually 
increasing the length of stages and number of dummies as- 
saulted, until final period of training, when men should be 
sent over entire course with full equipment, respirator, shrapnel 
helmet, ammunition and bombs. 


If men go over course without rifles or belts once every 
bayonet training period, soon after they begin their bayonet 
training, gradually nea difficulty of work, they will be 
able to accomplish above without great fatigue at end of their 
training. 

Assault course should be well cindered to prevent men 
slipping, and condition of course, dummies, etc., should be 
constantly looked after. 


Final Assault Practice 67 


Fina Assavutt 


1. Long point at prone dummy, left foot on, slipping left hand 
up to bayonet hilt. 


68 Hand to Hand Fighting 


2. Withdraw, keeping left foot on, and ready for short point. 


Final Assault Practice 69 


4. Right hand up to aid withdrawal, care being taken not to 
drop butt or change angle of rifle. 


Hand to Hand Fighting 


~ 
Oo 


5. Withdraw, crouching for jab. Make jab, advancing rear 
foot, withdraw, come to guard, high port and go forward. 


Final Assault Practice 


6. Jumping over Parapet. 


Direction and point. 


71 


72 Hand to Hand Fighting 


7. Point leading on Landing. 


° 


8. Left foot on, left hand up to bayonet hilt. 


CHAPTER LV 


GAMES AND QUICKENING 
EXERCISES 
General Remarks. 


The essence of the following games and quickening exer- 
cises is that they should be conducted with the utmost amount 
of energy and the rigid observance of all the details connected 
with them. Executed in this way they inculcate discipline and 
develop quickness of brain and movement, whereas if carelessly 
carried out they may do more harm than good. 

A game or quickening exercise should be introduced in the 
daily Bayonet training period before the actual work with 
bayonet begins in order to quicken the men. Should not be 
continued too long and should be varied. ‘Time devoted to 
games and quickening exercises should not exceed ten minutes. 

When a class appears to grow stale or sleepy and not put- 
ting full force and energy into the bayonet work, a quickener 
can be used to advantage, e. g., “Around that Tree and Back— 
GO.” 

1.— JUMPING THE BaG 
Formation. The players stand in a circle at close intervals 
and face inward. 
Apparatus. A light rope 5 to 6 yards long, to one end of which 
is attached a small canvas bag loaded with sand and weighing 
about a pound, 
Method of Playing. ‘The instructor stands in center of ring 
and swings the bag around, gradually paying out rope until it 
becomes necessary to jump to avoid it. The direction in which 
bag is swung should be varied. The rate of swinging and 
height of bag from ground should be gradually increased. 
The object of the players is, of course, to avoid being caught 
and brought to the ground. 
Common Faults. Some of the players stand outside of ring, 
the bag thus not passing under their feet. 


74 Hand to Hand Fighting 


2—THREE DEEP 


Formation. Players pair. One pair will be told as “Chaser” 
and “Runner.” Remaining pairs form a double ring, one man 
standing behind the other, with at least two yards between 
pairs who face center of the ring. 

Method of Playing. “Chaser” and “Runner” take up their 
positions just outside the ring at opposite points of it. At the 
word “GO” the “Chaser” pursues the “Runner” with the object 
of touching him. If he succeeds, Chaser become “Runner” 
and vice versa. “Runner” can take refuge by placing himself 
in front of a pair, facing inwards, whereupon the rear man of 
this pair now three deep immediately takes up the rdéle of 
“Runner.” 

This form of game requires constant alertness. 

Common Faults: 

1. The “Runner” dodges about too long before taking refuge, 
thus making the game tedious to the others. 

2. The “Chaser” and “Runner” dodge between the two men 
forming a pair. This is often due to the outer man not standing 
close enough to the inner man. 

3. The ring is allowed to grow too small. This is bound to 
occur unless each pair is careful to step back a short pace to 
its proper relative position in the ring every time a “Runner” 
halts in front of it. 


3. Heaps Down 
Apparatus. An old rifle sling, belt or strap. 
Formation. The players stand in a ring elbow to elbow, lean 
forward and look at ground at center of ring, holding their 


Games and Quickening Exercises 75 


hands, one hand clasping wrist of other hand, leaving one palm 
open. 

Method of Playing. The instructor walks or runs around the 
outside of the ring and as secretly as possible places sling in 
hands of one of the players. The latter at once chases man 
on his right around circle back to his place, beating him with 
gun sling, as he runs. 

Both then take their places in ring and instructor proceeds 
as before. 

The instructor should endeavor to deceive the players as 
much as possible as to whom the gun sling has been given. 
Common Faults. Players looking around to see who receives 
the sling and not keeping heads down. 


4. Priaces CHANGE 


Formation. Class being in line, odd numbers of the front 
rank and even numbers of the rear rank take two steps for- 
ward and rear, respectively, whereupon all face to ‘the right. 
Method of Playing. At the command “Places—Change” the 
odd and even numbers of the ranks change places by hopping 
or jumping over. This can be varied by having men sit down 
and then change places. 

Common Faults. Men getting too close to one another. 


5. Turee Feet orr THE GROUND 

Formation. Any. 

Method of Playing. From any formation at the command 
“Three Feet off the Ground—GO” the men get three feet off 
the ground, remaining there until told to Fall In. This quick- 
ener makes man select place where he will go to get three feet 
from the ground and beat the other men to it. The last man 
to get off the ground or fall in should be compelled to run 
around some object 50 yards or so away as a punishment. 


6. “Opp Ranxs Arounp Even Ranxs—GO.” 


Formation. Class being in line, have rear rank take step one 
pace to rear. Then odd numbers of the front rank and even 


76 Hand to Hand Fighting 


numbers of the rear rank each take two paces forward and back, 
respectively, whereupon all face to the right. 

Method of Playing. At the command “Odd Ranks around the 
even Ranks—GO” the odd numbered ranks race around the even 
numbered ranks. Similarly the evens around odds. 

This can be varied by giving to the rear, etc. 


7. AssauLtt Course Run 


When men get sufficiently “fit,” they should be sent over 
entire assault course at a slow double, thus accustoming them- 
selves to best methods of clearing jumps, trenches, water 
jumps, etc. Later work should be made more difficult by hav- 
ing them carry rifles at “HIGH PORT.” 

By the time the bayonet instruction has advanced far enough 
to go on Assault Course using the bayonets and points, the men 
will have accustomed themselves to the work. 


8. Roiirmnc GAME 


Men sitting, closely grouped in a circle, feet inwards; one 
man stands up, and with body rigid attempts to fall over, 
while the others to prevent his falling over, keep pushing him 
around the circle. The man who fails to keep him up must 
alternate and take his place in the center of the circle. 


9. Drawinc THE Rope 


Apparatus. <A light rope about 12 feet long. 

Method of Playing. Players are arranged in column of files. 
Two men, one at each end of rope, draw it along under feet of 
men, who jump; as soon as runners reach end of column imme- 
diately face about and draw rope back again. The men in the 
column necessarily must face about and jump quickly in order 
not to be thrown by the dragging rope. 

Common Faults. Men dragging rope too high. Men in the 
column not closing up. 


10. On Guarp wirH THE OTHER MAn’s RIFLE 


The men being at the “Guard” position, facing each other. 
At a blast of the whistle, have them ground arms, double over, 


Games and Quickening Exercises ak 


and face about, coming on “guard” with the other man’s rifle; 
and vice versa. Also by way of “catch” command, to come on 
“guard” with the other man’s rifle, when necessarily it would 
be with his own rifle; and vice versa. 

Very useful for teaching alertness and quickness. Also 
bringing into play the muscles of the back and legs. 


a 


ae 


10. 


ia B 


12. 


13. 


CHAPTER V 


DON TS AND HINTS 


Don’ts WHEN GoInG OvER THE Tor TO AN ATTACK 


Don’t stick your bayonet into the hilt. Four or five inches 
will kill. 

Don’t hesitate after you’ve got your FIRST ONE, go after 
the next. 

Don’t stick your bayonet into his equipment. It will not 
penetrate web or leather. 

Don’t let him get hold of your trench knife. GET HIS. 

Don’t drop your rifle if he grips you round your body. 
Use the jab. 

Don’t plunge bayonet in the spine or shoulder blade. You 
will have great difficulty on the withdrawal, probably 
breaking the blade. 

Don’t tug at your bayonet, if it cannot be withdrawn, fire 
a cartridge or kick the man away. 

Don’t make a thrust at his legs, buttocks, or shoulders 
if he is running away. Go after his kidneys. 

Don’t have your mind befogged by excessive stimulants 
just prior to going over. 

Don’t get excited and lose your head when you meet your 
man. Every thrust must count. Remember that in 
shooting you have five chances, with five cartridges in 
the chamber, but only one chance with the bayonet. 

Don’t empty your magazine. You may need the last 
cartridge. 

Don’t throw your rifle away if you lose or break your 
bayonet, and have no more ammunition. Remember the 
butt stroke. 

Don’t attempt to pull out your bayonet from a different 
angle from that in which it enters. 


Dont’s and Hints 79 


14. 


15. 
16. 


Lia 


18. 


19. 


20. 


21. 


22. 
23. 


24. 


25. 


26. 


27. 
28. 


29. 


Don’t go by the enemy; FINISH HIM. He may be 
feigning death, and shoot you in the back when you 
pass on. 

Don’t go into the attack with a glittering bayonet. Darken 
it so as not to glitter in the sun or show at night. 

Don’t shout when charging. Grunt as you drive bayonet 
in. Otherwise your shout may betray your presence, 
causing concentrated shell, machine gun, and rifle fire. 

Don’t counter with a thrust if his comes first. Parry, 
then follow with a lightning-like thrust. 

Don’t forget, if he has armor on, to go after his throat 
or groin. 

Don’t get rattled, excited, or ignore your superiors in a 
bayonet charge. Remember that bayonet control is 
as important as fire control. 

Don’t attempt a feeble thrust. It is fatal. 

Don’t keep your feet idle while in-fighting. Use the trip 
or your heel. 

Don’t bunch up or leave gaps in the line when advancing 
or charging. Keep proper interval and dressing. 

Don’t outrun the others in a charge. Always remember 
that the first man in a trench is invariably killed by 
encountering the enemy in force. 

Don’t give up if you are unarmed, and he gets the best 
of you in a hand to hand struggle, spit in his eye, or 
gouge it out with your finger. 

Don’t let your rifle or pistol fall in the mud. It may 
become choked up and rendered useless. 

Don’t lose control of rifle and bayonet, when closing in 
on enemy. Have point lowered, prepared to meet any 
form of his attack. 

Don’t make a thrust before you get to him. 

Don’t get shakey if he blocks your first thrust. Keep 
ready to meet his next move, remembering that the 
enemy’s method of bayonet fighting is not like ours. 

Don’t go into a charge loaded down like a pack-mule, 
divest yourself of anything in the way of surplus weight. 


80 Hand to Hand Fightin 


30. Don’t charge across too great a distance, thus enterin 
a hostile trench fagged out. If distance is great, g 
forty yards at a stretch, and enter enemy trench fre: 
and prepared to KILL. 


Hints—WueEwN You Are Insrructine Troops In 


Bayonet Work 
Instruction. 


Officers must themselves become good fighters if they are | 
teach others how to fight, and their success as leaders depenc 
to a very large extent upon their ability as instructors. Lool 
ing at this question broadly it may be stated that the aim ¢ 
training is the improvement of the fighting quality of a mas 
and those who are least efficient should receive the most atten 
tion so as to bring them up to the plane of their comrade 
as each man in the mass depends upon his confidence in hin 
self, and in his comrades as fighters, 

Bayonet fighting must be taught as boxing, fencing, ar 
wrestling are taught—by actual contact and not mere 
theoretically. To tell a man how to box and give him instru 
tions by the hour, will never make him a boxer. He mu 
combine theory with practice. He must put on the glov 
and measure his skill against that of others, and the more | 
does this, provided he is instructed on the right lines, tl 
greater degree of proficiency to which he will attain. Fro 
a fighting point of view, boxing is more invaluable as an a 
to training. 


Dummies. 


Experience has proved that dummies made of green saplin 
or fagots, pieces being *%” in diameter and 4 feet six inch 
long, when bundled together and secured with wire give f 
better results than stuffed sacks, when used for the thrus' 
as the wood grips the bayonet, thus necessitating a vigoro 
thrust and a strong withdrawal. Sacks filled with straw a: 
stuck on the ends of small flexible saplings make good bu 


Dont’s and Hints 81 


stroke dummies, the sapling springing back quickly into an up- 
right position. 


Use of Carcasses. 


Troops in training, especially before an attack, should, 
if possible, get the feel of the bayonet in flesh and become 
accustomed to the sight of blood upon the blade. To this end 
carcasses of animals can advantageously be used during 
practice. Thus when the critical moment arrives there will 
be no hesitation in driving the bayonet into the human body. 
They will be inspired with that one and only desire to get 
after him, get him, and KILL HIM. 


Facial Expression, etc. 


Men should be taught to cultivate a hard, determined facial 
expression. As the thrust is made, a grunt, snarl, etc., should 
accompany it, in order to lessen the nervousness of the man, 
and the effects of the scream of his victim as the bayonet is 
driven in. 


Quickening exercises and games. 


To stimulate interest in the men and get them “on edge” 
experience has shown that Quickening Exercises and Games 
may be used advantageously for the first ten minutes of the 
schedule period allotted to Bayonet Training. Moreover, a 
short quickening exercise should be given when the men’s 
inerest lags or they seem to lack spirit, viz., “Around that tree 
and back—Go.” 

Make them always move at the double with frequent rests. 
Never let them march at quick time. If you do, you will find 
that they will act logey. In giving them instructions, have 
them double around you at the “HIGH PORT” like lightning, 
moving at the blast of your whistle. Lengthy instructions 
grow monotonous and make men lose interest. Use practical 
demonstrations. Explain reasons. See that the men under- 
stand. 


77 


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Dont’s and Hints 83 


Training indoors. 

Considerable practical bayonet training can be done indoors 
in inclement weather. “Master and Pupil” work is especially 
suited for indoors. If practicing “In-fighting” indoors, use 
mats or other means to lessen fall. 


Hand Guards. 


Use of hand guards or rifles will lessen lacerations of hands 
and fingers. Men will not flinch when guards are so used. 


Classes. 

Classes of about 25 men are as many as one instructor 
can properly handle. “Master and Pupil” work is also of great 
value as it teaches one man to correct another’s faults. 


Padded Clothing. 

When using bayonet fighting equipment and padded cloth- 
ing, have men rush each other at blast of whistle. The first 
point made is the one that counts. 


Illuminated Bayonet. 

Use of electric bulb on bayonet hilt, with battery in stock 
and press button near trigger guard, will be of great assistance 
in night work. 


CHAPTER VI 


USE, DESCRIPTION AND DIAGRAM 
OF BAYONET TRAINING 
APPARATUS 


1. “Parrying Stick” with “Thrusting Ring and Pad.” 

For use: 

(a) On the “Master and Pupil” principle, for practic- 
ing in two ranks, the “Long Thrust,” “Short Thrust,” and 
“Jab,” according to the position of the ring, alternating 
with butt strokes and kicks at the pad according to its 
position. 

(b) In charging practice, when both ranks, extended 
to 3 yards interval and about 20 yards distance, use the 
padded ends. Men of one rank charge at a steady double 
and “thrust” at the opposite men, who “parry.” Charging 
rank halts 20 yards beyond, faces about, and charges again, 
the other rank facing about to meet it. The slight lateral 
movement required to “parry” is clearly demonstrated in 
this practice. 

Thrusting ring may likewise be used, one man charging 
with the rifle, and other holding ring stick. As bayonet enters 
ring, stick should be allowed to go free. Care must be taken 
in this work that the men do not hesitate as they are about to 
close with opponent. Interesting competitions can be ar- 
ranged in this work. 

(c) In teaching men codperation of mind and muscle, 
following parry stick exercise may be used: 

Squad leader arranges squad in a semi-circle around one 
man; each man on the circle to have a rifle with bayonet fixed 
and scabbard on. The man in the center of the circle to have 
parry stick. The men on circle rim are numbered consecutively 
from right to left. The squad leader calls a number, and the man 


Svtlhevetle2 to be rrade “wp O77 
Cloth and tackad fo faggot. 


86 Hand to Hand Fighting 


called immediately comes to “guard” and parries thrust made 
by man in center armed with stick. Care must be taken not. 
to call the numbers in rotation, but keep skipping about, 
as 1-4-3-7, etc. Men must be cautioned not to close in. 

2. Use of Falling and Dropping Dummies in Bayonet 
Training. 


sence Yo preveal 
fen from Topp 
Jia 9 


F) own allurg LDuminy Wilh fence Around 


yy 


In order to teach men the necessity of vigorous thrust, a 
quick and accurate withdrawal and get-away, two devices shown 
in the accompanying drawings were designed by the authors 
and were used with good results at the Fort Oglethorpe Second 
Training Camp. 

Model “A,” Falling Dummy. (Representing man advanc- 
ing.) Upon the man making thrust with bayonet into dummy, 
same is forced to vertical position, thus taking pressure from 
trip latch which drops permitting dummy to fall forward. 
The man must be quick on withdrawal and get-away, other- 
wise the arms will slap him. The dummy is surrounded by 


Bayonet Training Apparatus 87 


a fence preventing man from stepping back or to the side. 
The only escape is forward passing the dummy right arm to 
right arm. 

Model “B.” (Representing head of man in_ trench.) 
Upon making thrust the dummy is forced against the trip 
latch, releasing it, and causing dummy to drop into trench. 
A vigorous thrust and quick withdrawal are necessary, other- 
wise man is pulled forward. 


: 
a 


‘ 
“OVERGROUND LABYRINTH” FOR PRACTICE IN WET 
WEATHER 


It can be constructed with six-foot hurdles or canvas screens, 
or any materials which will give the approximate shape and 
the narrow limits of trenches. The example above requires 
102 six-foot hurdles, which may be set up on fresh ground, 
and also made to represent various schemes of trenches. The 
dummies should be placed in such a position that the at- 
tacker does not see them until he is upon them. 

4, Plan of distribution of Bayonet Training Squads in Bar- 

rack room in wet weather, 


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5. Diagrams of dummies for use on Assault Course. 


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6. Design of Bayonet Assault Course. 


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89 


Army Changes 


MAJOR JAS, A. MOSS 
U. S. Army 


PUBLISHED QUARTERLY 
(January, April, July, October) 


It gives ALL the changes in the Army Regula- 
tions, Uniform Regulations, Field Service Regula- 
tions, Drill Regulations, Manual of Interior Guard 
Duty, Courts-Martial Manual, Equipment Manuals, 
Tables of Organization, and ALL other War De- 
partment publications, from dates of their publica- 
tions, to the date of the last number of ARMy 
CHANGES. In other words, each number of ARMY 
CHANGES is complete in itself, and upon the re- 
ceipt of the last number the previous number may 
be discarded. 

ARMY CHANGES insures your Army Regulations, 
Drill Regulations, Field Service Regulations, and the 
other publications named above, being kept posted by 
one who is probably the Army’s greatest expert in 
matters of that kind. 

No office or officer should be without Army 
CHANGES. 

Single copies, 50c; annual subscriptions, $1.50. 
Send for sample copy. 


Georsge Banta Publishing Co. 


Army and College Printers 
Menasha, Wis. 


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DESIGN FOR BAFKONLET ASSAULT COUASE. 


